This Library Guide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License by Justina Elmore, University of Rochester. Any part of it may be used as long as credit is included. Derivative works can be licensed under Creative Commons to encourage sharing and reuse of educational materials.
Here are a few criteria for determining if your source is scholarly:
Author(s) credentials - are they experts working or teaching in this field of study?
Length - is it a few brief paragraphs or a longer, more substantive article?
Language - is it written for other scholars in the field? Do they used specialized or technical language specific to this field of study?
References - is the author(s) citing other scholars in this field of study? Do they have a robust reference list?
Journal or Book Type - If it's a journal article, what kind of journal is the article is published in? Is it a scholarly journal, or even peer reviewed? If it’s a book, is it published by a university press or other well-respected commercial publisher known for publishing scholarly works?
Once you have one (or more) useful article on a topic, use the references at the end of article to find more sources on your topic using our Citation Search tool. This helps you see what was written previous to your current article, often called citing backward.
Use Google Scholar to see who has cited your article after it was published. This helps you see what has been written after your article was published, citing forward.
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License by Justina Elmore, University of Rochester.
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License by Justina Elmore, University of Rochester. Adapted from Kristin M. Woodward & Kate Ganski's "What Could A Writer Do With This Source?" {{cc-by-4.0}}
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License by Justina Elmore, University of Rochester {{cc-by-4.0}}. Adapted from Kristin M. Woodward & Kate Ganski's "What Could A Writer Do With This Source?"
Awan, A. G., & Raza, S. A. (2016). The Effects of Totalitarianism and Marxism towards Dystopian society in George Orwell's
selected fictions. Global Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2(4), 21-37.
Claeys, G. (2010). The origins of dystopia: Wells, Huxley and Orwell. The Cambridge companion to utopian literature, 107.
Hasan, M., Muhammad, L., & Bahasin, G. (2020). Abuse practice of power in Orwell's Animal Farm: A historical approach.
Journal of Culture, Arts, Literature, and Linguistics, 6(1), 383899.
Howe, I., & Orwell, G. (1983). 1984 revisited : totalitarianism in our century (1st ed.). Harper & Row.
Nesti, F., & Orwell, G. (2021). 1984 : The graphic novel. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
| Author of the article |
Primary or Secondary |
Background | Exhibit | Argument | Methods |
| Awan & Raza | S | Will use to argue the dangers of excessive power within government. | |||
| Howe | S | Will use to provide a background of/define totalitarianism | |||
| Claeys | S | Will use to explain and apply Marxist theory to the novel | |||
| Nesti | P | Will use examples of gov. surveillance within the graphic novel to discuss oppression |
Primary sources provide a first hand record and are documents or physical objects created at the time historical events occurred or well after events in the form of memoirs and oral histories. Examples include:
Secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them. Examples include: Textbooks, journal articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, and encyclopedias.
